Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart

â€Å"Men have called me bad; but the question is not settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiness of intelligence,† (Edgar Allan Poe). Edgar Allan Poe is a well known and beloved writer of the horrid and meticulous. Through emphasis on his personal life and personal insanity, we get a glimpse inside the world that might be our own minds as well as stories that teach us life lessons as well as make our blood curdle and ponder over the deep emotions of Poe’s life. Stories such as the Tell-Tale Heart teach us of these life lessons. In this story the narrator attempts pleas of sanity by disclosing his meticulous plans for killing the old man convince the reader of his insanity. Through various methods that Poe uses; emotional instability, irony, vocabulary, and repetition, we come to believe the theme he is trying to tell us is that perception does not necessarily mean reality. The protagonist of the The Tell-Tale Heart is a classic example of Poe s unreliable narrator, a man who cannot be trusted to tell the objective truth of what is occurring. His unreliability becomes immediately evident in the first paragrap h of the story, when he insists on his clarity of mind and attributes any signs of madness to his nervousness and oversensitivity, particularly in the area of hearing. However, as soon as he finishes his declaration of sanity, he offers an account that has a series of apparent logical gaps that can only be explained by insanity. In his writings, Poe oftenShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1015 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Insane in the Membrane† Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most acclaimed short story writers of all time and is considered the father of the psychological thriller. He has achieved ever-lasting fame for his work in various fields of literature, from prose to verse. However, it is his Gothic narrative, in the short story realm he is greatest known for and is regarded as one of the foremost masters of horror that the United States has ever fashioned. The crucial component to these horror stories isRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s Tell Tale Heart Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesstereotypical â€Å"mean girl’ in life. But are you a mean girl only because you are insecure about yourself, or do you genuinely have nothing better to offer society than cruel comments on people’s appearance. Very much like a â€Å"mean girl† in Edgar Allan Poe’s Tell Tale Heart, it is a thrilling mystery with murder. The story is basically about a man who is a server to an old man who has an odd looki ng eye. It is not the old man’s fault for his appearance, nor should the old man deserve the cruel thought, thatRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1291 Words   |  6 Pagessecrets hidden in the story line that does it? Individually when each of you close your eyes and visualise a book that has been flicked by hundreds and has been adored what comes to mind? The famous Edgar Allan Poe stands out in the history of gothic texts, especially his novel the â€Å" Tell-Tale Heart†. However there is a numerous amount of contemporary texts based off this genre including Tim Burton’s â€Å" Vincent†. In this presentation I hope to engage you in the history of the gothic genre. GothicRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart1104 Words   |  5 PagesPoe Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis began with Sigmund Freud, also known as the founding father of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis is a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior. (McLeod) Freud broke his theory into 3 different levels, Id, Ego, and Superego. Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and the â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† focused deep into these levels of psychoanalysis specifically the superego and the id. Freud explained that our superego is our conscienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart 1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbelong to Mr. Poe. You see, Edgar Allan Poe is still one of the greatest masters of enticing emotion into readers. Whether it is psychological fear in short stories like Bernice and The Pit and the Pendulum or poetry about death, sadness, and love. But, Poe really does raise the bar when it comes to mystery in his poetry. From houses suddenly combusting in The Fall of the House of Usher and uncanny deliriums in The Tell-Tale Heart, mysteries of all kinds encompass Poe s works. Poe has mastered theRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s A Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 PagesInside the Heart There are many well-known poets, but not many are as unique as Edgar Allan Poe. By the age of 13, Poe had become a creative poet (Biographies). Many of Poe s works were horrific fictional stories. His first book was published in Boston in 1827, called Tamerlane and other Poems. More of Poe s major works include Tales of the Grotesque a d Arabesque, which included his most spine tingling tales such as Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher. Most of Poe s works haveRead MoreAnalysis of Edgar Allan Poe ´s The Tell-Tale Heart605 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"The Tell- Tale Heart†, written in 1843, is a simultaneous horror and mental story presented in a first- person perspective, in which Edgar Allan Poe, the author, portrays that the significant influence of inner guilty and fear on narrator’s insane. The author achieves this in the means of figurative languages, symbolism and the plot of the story. Through the whole story, there is no doubt that guilty plays a tremendously crucial role. It is obvious that symbolism is used for many times. To beginRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart857 Words   |  4 Pagesfear what they can t control. Author, Edgar Allan Poe wrote short stories that evoked emotions of fear of the unknown in a way that speaks to the reader. Some of Poe s stories were not well accepted in his day because people were just not ready for them- they were scary. Poe s works The Tell-Tale Heart, The Premature Burial and The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar evoke emotions of fear of the unknown for the reader Edgar Allan Poe s The Tell-Tale Heart, is a short story that illustrates theRead MoreWhy Should We Care?1748 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Should We Care?: Edgar Allan Poe â€Å"Few creatures of the night have captured [reader’s] imagination[s] like [Edgar Allan Poe]† (â€Å"Vampires†). Poe has fascinated the literary world since he first became known for writing in 1829, when he was just twenty years old (Chronology†). While he is widely known for exploring the macabre, his work is controversial because of its psychologically disturbing nature. Edgar Allan Poe is worth examining as an author because his many contributions to the literaryRead MoreThe Final Days of Edgar Allan Poe by Roger Francis 1732 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is regarded as one of the most influential American writers of the nineteenth-century. Poe’s short stories posses the recurring themes of death, murder and his narrators often show signs of mental instability, like the old man in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and Montressor in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†. Since tragedy was prominent throughout Poe’s life, his wor k reflects the darkness ingrained by continuously being faced with adversity. Poe’s mental stability also comes into question when

Holi Essay Free Essays

Holi is a very popular Hindu spring and Full Moon festival. It is followed by Dhuleti, the festival of colors. It is celebrated on 2 and 3 March, 2007. We will write a custom essay sample on Holi Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The two-day Indian festival of Holi is one of the twelve Full Moon festivals of the Indian lunar calendar. Each month begins with the New Moon and is divided into 2 fortnights, the bright half of the waxing moon and the dark half of the waning moon. The Full Moon (purnima) in the middle signifies culmination and fulfillment: the perfect time for a festival! Holi celebrates the Full Moon called the Holi Purnima, which occurs in the lunar month of Phalgun (February-March). Holi thus celebrates the coming of spring, which is enacted in a legend of fire. An evil demon, ruler of heaven, earth and hell, forced everyone to worship him as a god. His little son Prahlad, however, remained faithful to Lord Vishnu. So the King wanted him dead. His wicked sister, the demon Holika (after whom the festival is named), could not be harmed by fire. Taking up Prahlad, she entered a bonfire. But through Vishnu’s intervention, she was the one who burned and the child remained safe. Bon fires commemorating this tale of devotion overcoming even the most powerful of obstacles are lit on the first day of Holi, the day of the Full Moon. People throw cow dung into the fires and shout obscenities at Holika. Where the spring element is more dominant, the first fruits of the harvest are offered to the cleansing fire. Embers are carried home to light fires in the houses. Holi is a lighthearted celebration of exuberance and cheer. There are wild processions to drum beats and dances to traditional Holi folk songs. People let go of past grievances an look forward to a new beginning. The young are allowed to get intoxicated, behave rudely and play pranks. Everyone goes visiting, and guests are offered ghujias (sweetmeats made from flour, almonds and raisins) and cool thandais (a milk-based drink), which can be laced with small amounts of â€Å"bhang†, or marijuana. Holi is most known as a festival of colors. On the first day, the eldest male of the family sprinkles colored powder (gulal) and colored water on each family member. The colors, especially red, are made from flowers and signify blossoming. The second day is Dhuleti, when all hell breaks loose. Children, young men and women form separate groups and go out covering everything and everyone with colors. Holi is a celebration typical of Northern India, but it is so much fun that most of India and Hindus all over the world celebrate it. How to cite Holi Essay, Essay examples

International Students in Australian Retail and Hospitality Sector Wor

Question: Discuss about the International Students in Australian Retail and Hospitality Sector Workforce. Answer: Introduction The study is all about the development of comprehensive literature review based on the chapters of the research proposal. In this research, it has been identified that what are the results of the previous studies conducted in the similar field. The topic of the study is International Students in Australian retail and hospitality sector workforce. The whole study has worked on the research question demanding for the reasons that have been addressed by the International students regarding shortages of labor in the sectors of Australia. It is the form of information which has discussed the relevant issues, problems and the objectives of the study. The topics in which the literature is reviewed are international education sectors of Australia, labor shortages in hospitality and retail sectors, Loss of international students by Australia and Young workers in retail and hospitality industry of Australia. Literature Review After making the review of all the related literature thoroughly, it has been recognized that the data sources has helped in making identification of the questions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses in the context of the research. International Education Sectors of Australia According to the report of Deloitte Access Economics, International education is contributing around AUS $1 billion to the economy than the previous estimates. This report is commissioned by the Department of Education and Training. Further, description will be provided about the national economic contribution made by the Australian Education through an introduction of wide varieties of courses. International education is among the top two services of the service exports along with the tourism. These are the super-growing sectors of the Australian economy that are transitioning the whole nation into another decade. Its importance can be justified through the growth of international education. 130,000 jobs are created and many businesses are benefitting from it directly and indirectly across the hospitality, property and retail sectors. The hospitality and retail sector is experiencing the critical shortages of qualified and skilled labors. A strong prediction is made by the employmen t forecast about the needs of the future workforces that will be continued in future prospects also(O'Malley, 2016). The Australian students studying retail and hospitality management have chosen theses areas just because of the vocational nature of the program. Additionally, the students are getting the opportunity of doing the part time job available in the hospitality industry. In order to find the strengths of the research, the author has developed some questionnaires that will find that up to which extent the students were involved in the part-time employment jobs amongst the hospitality and retail industry. The questionnaires have solicited the type, level and extent of part-time employment over their career benefits. The main purpose of the research is to find out the problems of labor shortages in the sectors of retail and hospitality. The study has explored the impressions that must be liked or disliked by the part-time employees. On the basis of evaluation of the responses, the engagement of the employees in the hospitality and retail sectors is explored. On the basis of gender and nation ality aspects, the study has identified that female students are more likely to involve in the part-time jobs rather than the male students. Through such analysis, it has been concluded that credit for all such practices should be given to the flexible teaching methods and part-time contracts (Barron Anastasiadou, 2009). According to Richardson (2008), the major concerns of the students of hospitality and retail is to create better relationships with the managers, promotional opportunities, career paths and should offer different opportunities. For Australia, the responses of more than 50% of the respondents are agreed with the view that many students always finds for the opportunities in which they can easily contemplate their career outside the industry. Out of the total, 43.6% of students were agreed with the view that they are not ready to work in the hospitality and retail industry after completing their graduation. 96.3% of workers were citing such decision just because of their experience in the hospitality and retail industry. The present hospitality and retail industry of Australia is stepping towards the career development plan in the industry. This study has used the exploratory approaches and the quantitative methods for gathering the data (Richardson, 2008). This study is exploring the views of the students working in the hospitality and retail sectors as a career choice. If the focus is made on the economic growth of the Australia, then it is found that their growth potential is very strong. It is the reason for the rise in the overseas demands in the hospitality and retail industry. The major constraint that is faced by the Australian economy is the supply constraints. The data for the study is collected from the eight institutions of the Australia. The importance of the ratings is gathered through analyzing it in the light of 20 emerging factors and it is believed that the hospitality industry is the result of one of such factor. The numbers of factors that are significantly different from others are determined through the results derived from making critical observations. For it, the thing that is required is to explore of the students career in the hospitality industry and finds for the factors that are important from their point of view (Richardson, 2009). Labor shortages in Hospitality and Retail Sector As per the views of Withers (2008), Labor shortages are the major bottleneck of the Australian economy. While making a forward look, there is an increase in recognition of the home-grown labor and decrease in the supply of the labor just because of the participation of the plateaus, retirement of baby-boomers and growth in the young workers falls. To some extent, the immigration of the labors is responsible for the increasing pressure and management of the national interests. The main strength of the study is that the concerns of the study about the potential constraints that are affecting the supply of the human capital in the labor market (Withers, 2008). This paper is addressing the biggest issues and challenges that are faced by the hospitality and retail industry of the Australia. The challenges are related to the attraction of the talented professionals in the critical groups of management and the issues are related to their retention. The author has presented their critical thoughts regarding the new recruitments of the hospitality industry and the perceptions related to the graduates working as a hospitality student. This study is examining the state of employment issues existing in the hospitality industry. The discussion was made for the attitudes of the generation taking up the education towards their decisions for their careers. This paper is addressing the potential consequences existing in the hospitality industry(Barron, 2008). The article by Ryan (2007), determined the factors that are regulating about the characters that are established by the market institutions that shapes the responses of the government. With particular concerns for the immigration policies, the issues of labor shortages in Australia mainly in the industry of the hospitality and retail are discussed. Such reaction of the global market has increased the competition in the labor market of Australia and has declined the supply of labor in the market. Many organizations are finding the opportunities through which they can make planning for the policies, strategic marketing, RD and budgeting. It has enhanced the skills levels of the labor available in the market(Ryan, 2007). In this report, it has been addressed that retail, tourism, travel and hospitality industry is continually facing the critical shortages of qualified and skilled labor. With the growth of industry in the market, strategic planning is enabling the businesses to access appropriately towards the skilled forces that are required for maintaining the operations more productive and sustainable. It has been demonstrated in the study that in order to promote the range of labor forces, the thing that is necessary to be developed is the potential that will meet the expectations of the organizations(Benckendorff et al., 2010). Loss of International Students by the Australia According to the report of Australian Trade Commission, the country was ranked under the top 10 for the most multicultural, educated and multilingual labor forces in the world. Many organizations in Australia has reviewed and updated their strategies responsible for the appointment of labors and builds achievements when compared with the previous versions. But after making all such changes in the rules related to the labor forces, the industries like hospitality industry, travel industry, retail industry and the education industry is continuing to address about the problems related to the shortages of labor and skilled workforces in the organization. This study has investigated about different sources that are being responsible for the decrease in the labor supply; they are the building capabilities, requirements of data and the quality issues (Australian Trade Commission, 2016) Wright (2012).has provided the critical concerns about the Australian hospitality industry that due to the global financial downturn, the industries won't be able to attract the sufficient labors forces within the Australian Labor Market. Since, companies are now facing the widespread challenges due to retirements of the aging workforce. This study has developed to explore the perceptions of the students pursuing the courses of retail and hospitality industry(Wright, 2012). According to Eslake Walsh (2011), Retail and the hospitality business are the frontlines of the Australian Economy. The industry have been affected highly by the decreasing labor forces. Many great players of the industry has worked to improve the opportunities for making recognition and supporting the career pathways by retaining the skilled workforce in the industry. There is a discrepancy in the supply of skilled labor and hospitality industries due to linkages between quality and quantity of supply in the market (Eslake Walsh, 2011). Barron (2007) has examined about the personal experiences of the students of the university and the variety, nature and the reasons for the students part-time employment opportunities at the hospitality and the retail industry of Australia. Organizations established in Australia are working to find the range of skills and knowledge that must be possessed by the labors of the organization. The research has also developed an understanding that due to shortages of labor in the organizations, they have failed to develop patterns for the part-time workers in the organization (Barron, 2007). Young workers in retail and hospitality industry of Australia According to the research by Roan Diamond (2003), Australia has subjected to economic downfall by 1990 due to increase in negative work pressure, irregular patterns of working, work intensification and transformation of the notions of the careers. This paper has involved the experience of twenty-two young people of Australia who are at their beginning of their career and experiencing the flexibility of working, career potentials and works life balance in the retail and hospitality industry. At the end of the study, an author has addressed about the management of quality of work life in order to retain the labor and remove the common problems of shortage of labor in the industry(Roan Diamond, 2003). By 2007 just preceding before the Australian Election, much attention should be paid to the national labor laws of Australia. This debate has grouped many people such as youth, migrants, workers and women for individual employment contracts. It has been argued that the labor market is not that much efficient as it was in earlier time period. Many organizations of the country has compelled about the poor conditions of labor employment in the market(Nylanda et al., 2009). The Australian tourism, traveling, retail and hospitality industry is highly concerned about the shortages of skilled labors. The benchmarking report of the Industries 2014 has found that there are 60.8% businesses who all having the vacancies in the organization and out of them 22.3% of businesses are facing difficulty in making the recruitment of skilled labor forces. The most difficult positions are ranked by the operators, workers and the managers among the most difficult positions that must be filled. There is huge amount of job opportunities in the Australian economy but the companies are failing to fill it properly(Hart, 2016). In the recent years, industries like hospitality industry, travel industry and retail industry have explored different areas of management deals mainly with the recruitment of labors in the organization. The research interest includes the higher turnover and higher rate of attrition for labors. Some of the organizations in the industry have seeks to employ cheap labor on different conditions but this is not true for the industries like hospitality and retail industries of Australia. These industries are highly sensitive regarding the rates at which labors are employed in the organization(Service Skills Australia, 2011). Conclusion The study had reviewed various literatures in order to find out the growing importance of International students in retail and hospitality sector of the Australia. A comprehensive plan is developed to review the topic of a business research proposal. It has been found that the reason for the shortages of the labor in the Australian market is due to economic downturns and the huge demands of the organizations established in Australia. Through this study, special form of information is gathered and discussed in the light of strengths and weaknesses reflected by the previous studies related to the current issues. References Australian Trade Commission, 2016. Why Australia- Australian Trade Commission. Australian Government. Barron, P., 2007. Hospitality and Tourism Students Part-time Employment: Patterns, Benefits and Recognition. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education , pp.41-54. Barron, P., 2008. Education and talent management: implications for the hospitality industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, pp.730-42. Barron, P. Anastasiadou, C., 2009. Student part time employment: Implications, challenges and opportunities for higher education. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(2), pp.140-53. Benckendorff, P., Moscardo, G. Pendergast, D., 2010. Tourism and Generation Y. CABI. Eslake, S. Walsh, M., 2011. Australias Productivity Challenge. GRATTAN Institute. Hart, J., 2016. Skilled Occupation List (SOL). Australian Department of Industry. Nylanda, C. et al., 2009. International student workers in Australia: a new vulnerable workforce. Journal of Education and Work, 22(1), pp.1-14. O'Malley, B., 2016. Report finds extra value in international education. [Online] Available at: https://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20160429123013480 [Accessed 25 May 2016]. Richardson, S., 2008. Undergraduate Tourism and Hospitality Students Attitudes Toward a Career in the Industry: A Preliminary Investigation. Journal of Teaching in Travel Tourism. Richardson, S., 2009. Undergraduates perceptions of tourism and hospitality as a career choice. International Journal of Hospitality Management, pp.382-88. Roan, A.M. Diamond, C., 2003. Starting Out: The Quality of Working Life of Young Workers in the Retail and Hospitality Industries in Australia. International Journal of Employment Studies, 11(2), pp.91-119. Ryan, Z.H.W.a.C., 2007. Tourism Curriculum in the University Sector: Does it Meet Future Requirements? Evidence from Australia. Tourism Recreation Research. Service Skills Australia, 2011. Tourism, Travel Hospitality - Environmental Scan. Service Skills Australia. Withers, P.M.a.G., 2008. Population and Australias Future Labour Force. Canberra: The Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia. Wright, C.F., 2012. Immigration policy and market institutions in liberal market economies. Industrial Relations Journal, pp.110-36.

Research on global politics against pollution an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

Research on united kingdom on global politics against pollution INTRODUCTION Local global politics is the politics of the world that affect the environment. Environment in this context means our surrounding, that is, all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be either biotic or abiotic. The biotic factors are living organisms, while the abiotic factors include temperature, wind, and ocean currents. All organisms need to co-exist for their survival. However, in the recent past, man seems to have ignored this principle and has gone further to destroy the environment through industrialization. This has led to increasing pollution and subsequent global warming. Pollution is the contamination of the worlds environment with the materials that interfere with the quality of life. Global warming is the increase of earths surface temperatures. Need essay sample on "Research on united kingdom on global politics against pollution" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed LITERATURE REVIEW Environmental protection is an important issue in the United Kingdom because as a highly populated and technologically advanced nation grows the environment suffers. Compared to many other industrialized nations, the country has relatively good record of protecting the environment. Environmental activity involves ordinary citizens at the local level, while the national government provides leadership, goals, and direction, particularly through the secretary of state for the environment. The United Kingdom, along with other prospering nations, has contributed funds and expertise toward global efforts to preserve the environment. In 2003, the national parks, regional parks, and smaller protected areas protected 10.5 percent of the United Kingdom. In her book, The Greenhouse Effect: Life of a Warmer Planet, Rebecca Johnson explains Britains long history of dealing with environmental problems, as the worlds first industrialized society. Contamination from sewerage, impure water supplies, and filthy streets from massive horse traffic were all problems handled with success before World War I broke out in 1914. Air pollution from smoke remained a major problem until the Clean Air Act was passed in 1995, a measure that reduced industrial pollution by three-quarters. The increased substitution of gas and electricity for coal as a source of energy further reduced air pollution, both from industries and homes. In recent decades, however, the large increase in the number of motor vehicles has erased many of the gains achieved by the Clean Air Act. River pollution has been more difficult to deal with. This is partly because local sewerage authorities, which were among the worst polluters, were represented on the boards regulating pollut ion in the rivers. In 1989, a National Rivers Authority was created that has no connection with potential polluters, and Britains rivers are slowly improving. The problems facing the environment are vast and diverse. Global warming, depletion of the ozone layer in the atmosphere, and destruction of the worlds rain forests are just some of the problems that many scientists believe will reach critical proportions in the coming decades. Global warming is an increase in the earths surface temperature. Within the last century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dramatically increased, largely because people burn vast amount of fossil fuels-coal and petroleum and its derivatives. Average global temperatures also increased by 0.6 Celsius degrees (1-Fahrenheit degree) within the past century. Researches carried out by scientists have shown that if global warming continues at this high rate, many plant and animal species will probably be driven into extinction, agriculture will severely be disrupted in many regions, and the frequency of severe hurricanes and droughts will likely increase. Another environmental problem that is raising awareness is the depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is a thin band in the stratosphere that serves to shield Earth from the Suns harmful ultraviolet rays. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - chemicals used in refrigeration, air-conditioning systems, cleaning solvents and aerosol sprays, destroy the ozone layer. The consequences of continued depletion of the ozone layer would be dramatic. Increased ultraviolet radiation would lead to a growing number of skin cancers and cataracts and reduce the ability of immune systems to respond to infection. Additionally, growth of the worlds oceanic plankton (base of marine food chain), would decline. Plankton contains photosynthetic organisms that breakdown carbon dioxide. If plankton populations decline, it may lead to increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and thus to global warming. Habitat destruction and species extinction is another cause for concern in the global arena. Plant and animal species are dying out at an unprecedented rate. Estimates range that from 4,000 to as many as 50,000 species per year become extinct. The leading cause of extinction is habitat destruction, particularly of the worlds richest ecosystems-tropical rain forests and coral reefs. If the worlds rain forests continue to be cut down at the current rate, they may completely disappear by the year 2030. Various types of pollution are also a cause of concern to the environment. The two main types of pollution are air pollution and water pollution. A significant portion of industry and transportation burns fossil fuels such as gasoline. When these fuels burn and are released into the air, they interact with one another and with ultraviolet radiation in sunlight in dangerous ways to form substances such as smog. When the air pollutants interact with water, they form acid rain. Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide transform into sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere and come back to Earth in precipitation. Acid rain has made numerous lakes so acidic that they no longer support fish populations. Since the 1940s, one of the most serious environmental problems has been the disposal of radioactive waste, including the dismantling of nuclear power stations after they become obsolete. The countrys early nuclear industry disposed of radioactive waste by ocean dumping, leaving a legacy of contamination, particularly in the Irish Sea. Water that collects beneath the ground is called groundwater. Worldwide, groundwater is 40 times more abundant than fresh water in streams and lakes. Scientists worry about groundwater contamination, which arises from leaking underground storage tanks, poorly designed industrial waste ponds, and seepage from the deep-well injection of hazardous wastes into underground geological formations. Studies have also shown that not all individuals are equally exposed to pollution. For example, worldwide toxic-waste sites are more prevalent in poorer communities. In the United Kingdom, the single most important factor in predicting the location of hazardous-waste sites is the ethnic composition of a neighborhood. Environmental racism takes international forms as well. American corporations often continue to produce dangerous, U.K.banned chemicals and ship them to developing countries. According to Christianson, Gale, E. Greenhouse: The 200-year Story of Global Warming. Walker, 1999., a number of toxic substances that humans encounter regularly may pose serious health risks. Pesticide residues on vegetable crops, mercury in fish, and many industrially produced chemicals may cause cancer, birth defects, genetic mutations, or death. Many chemicals have been found to mimic estrogen, the hormone that controls the development of the female reproductive system in a large number of animal species. Preliminary results indicate that these chemicals, in trace amounts, may disrupt development and lead to a host of serious problems in both males and females, including infertility, increased mortality of offspring, and behavioral changes such as increased aggression. Though the world acts slowly to pollution and global warming, many European countries, including the United Kingdom, reached an agreement during the December 1997 summit on global warming in Kyoto, Japan to reduce emissions of gases that many scientists believe may lead to global warming. In Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Cant Afford to Lose, by Schneider, Stephen., the simplest way to sequester carbon that greatly contributes to global warming is to preserve trees and to plant more .Efforts have been made in Britain to grow more trees and expand the managed forest areas. Local authorities have the power to protect trees and woodlands. It is an offense to cut down trees without permission, and when trees protected by the government die, they must be replaced. The United Kingdom is also recognized worldwide on its national and local programs that impose heavy taxes on energy usage, designed partly to curb such emissions. The government is also working against greenhouse emissions by conserving energy in buildings, modernizing their vehicles, and advising the public. Conclusion In summary, the United Kingdom has greatly supported the need to save the planet from the dangerous and severe effects of global warming, through the signing of international treaties and imposing national and local programs that strive to reduce pollution and subsequent global warming. EUROPEAN POLITICS ON CAR DESIGN In the 1970s, new pollution emission regulations by the European community made many two-stroke engines obsolete. To improve emissions performance, many manufacturers replaced the traditional air-cooled engine with liquid-cooled four-stroke engines. Electronic ignition also replaced contact point ignition systems to improve reliability and reduce noise pollution. According to Croucher, Robert M. Observers Book of Motorcycles.Motorbooks, (1980)., some high performance motorcycles with turbocharged engines were introduced. A turbocharger uses hot exhaust gases to spin a small turbine blade. Fuel injections that replaced the carburetors on some engines for easier starting, also improved fuel economy, and reduced emissions. REFERENCES: Christianson, Gale, E. Greenhouse: The 200-year Story of Global Warming. Walker, 1999. Johnson, Rebecca, L. The Greenhouse Effect: Life of a Warmer Planet. Learner, 1990, 1994. Schneider, Stephen, H. Laboratory Earth: The Planetary Gamble We Cant Afford to Lose. Basic Books, 1997, 1998. Croucher, Robert, M. Observers Book of Motorcycles. Motorbook.1980. ORGANISATION POLITICS An organization can be defined as a group of people identified by a shared interest or purpose, e.g. a business. An organization has two major groupings, that is, the management and the employees. In an organization, the role of managers is to supervise, monitor, and coordinate the different areas of an industry. For example, financial managers focus on generating and reinvesting finance capital. Human resource managers help recruit people with desirable skills and place them where they are needed most. Marketing managers help sell final goods and services to customers. Managers are also involved in planning, controlling of resources for efficient and effective decision-making. On the other hand, the employees provide labor in the organization. Labor means any mental or physical efforts of human beings. However, for the efficiency of labor, that is, the quality and quantity of any commodity to be produced by a laborer, the following factors must be taken into account: 1. Mental abilities and physical strength. 2. Social Services. 3. Working conditions. 4. Education and training 5. Supply of proper equipment and tools. Relationship between the management and the employees should be one that helps the organization to run smoothly. Relationships in the organization can be boosted in the following ways: 1. The Management should include the employees in decision-making, especially in cases of wages and salaries and working conditions. 2. The Management should provide a listening ear to the employees to avoid cold strikes and subsequent reduction in production. 3. Management should carry performance appraisals on the employees in order to motivate them. 4. The workers should also be candid to the Management about issues affecting them, so that matters are settled in diplomacy rather than using undiplomatic ways like strikes that may tarnish the organizations image. In summary, the relationship between the Management and the employees affects the organization in various ways, since one cannot function without the other. REFERENCES: Malkhiat, Singh, F. Entrepreneurship and Management. Illinois: Irwin Publishers

Child Development in relation to Crime Essays

Child Development in relation to Crime Essays Child Development in relation to Crime Essay Child Development in relation to Crime Essay CD ( Conduct Disorder ) , ADD ( Attenttion Deficit Disorder ) and ADHD ( Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ) along with larning disablements, kids need place and school stablenesss. Besides rigorous modus operandi agendas and ocular charts will hold a important consequence on kid s behavior, which if non taken earnestly in history, their behavior may take to offense. Some of these instances appear to be familial nevertheless some could be the consequence of a head hurt or exposure to nicotine, take, intoxicant and cocaine during antenatal development. ( Bee, 2000 ) . During gestation female parents should be cognizant of their nutritionary consumption, physical activities and life style in general. Whilst taking attention of her wellness, she is besides protecting her unborn kid from environmental jeopardies that may be harmful during this gestation period ( Feldmen, 2000 ) . Sharing acerate leafs in drug use can increase the hazard of HIV, which subsequently may be transefered to the unborn kid. Drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine apart from being really powerful stimulations which work on the encephalon, they besides suppress the female parent s appetency, which will take to miss of nutriment which is much needed particularly during gestation. The hazards include abortion, premature labor and a babe born on drug dependence. So at this really initial phase of a kid s life, the female parent is already seting her babe through a batch of emphasis due to drug backdown symptons, agitating, insomnia, musculus twinging and imbibing jobs ( ACDE, 199 9 ) . Mothers who consume intoxicant during the 40 hebdomads of gestation may opportunity that their unborn kid will demo marks of foetal intoxicant syndrome ( FAS ) which affects between 0.5 and 3 of every 1000 babies in the United States, this means that between 2,000 and 12,000 kids with FAS are born every twelvemonth. ( Stratton et al 1996 ) . Abnormalities may be in the signifier of facial and head deformity, larning disablement, malfunction of cardinal nervous system and attending deficieny. ( About.com, 2010 ) . The household is one of the most of import factors in every human life, allow entirely for a kid that needs love, effectual subject and counsel in every circumstance. Till some old ages back many believed that difficult subject, paddling and whipping is the best manner to accomplish consequences when covering with kids s behavior. It was a really one manner dictorial relationship, what the parents or normally the male parent ( as he was the caput of the household ) says, goes. In today s universe where kids are more heard, where relationships are going two-way, theoreticians are looking at a biopsychosocial position. The parenting manners harmonizing to ( Maccoby A ; Martin 1983 ) who based their surveies on psychologist Baumrind D. research ( Baumrind 1967 ) have divided the parent attack into four manners: Authoritarian Parenting Child are to make what they are being asked of them. If regulations are non abide to, punished will avail. Children might be compliant but that does nt intend that they are content. Permissive Parenting Undemanding parents do nt anticipate really high accomplishments from their kids. Parents are more antiphonal and friendly towards their kids s behaviour. As demands are non extremely requested kids tend to be slower at school, might acquire into problem and are non that happy. Authoritative Parenting Very similar to the autocratic manner nevertheless these parents are more unfastened for treatment. They tend to prolong and non punish kids. Due to supportive parents kids do good, are independent and happy. Neglected Rearing Very small bond between parents and kid. The parent may or may non make full the kid s material basic demands nevertheless they are detached from the kid existent demands. These kids tend to hold a really low dignity, assurance and non capable as their equals. Every female parent and male parent tends to hold their ain typical manner. Normally kids detect rather early on in their childhood, who is more permissive to travel inquiring for their demands and remain off from the autocratic. Parents who are holding jobs with intoxicant, drugs or upsets might ensue to be the ignored type. These parents are already fighting with their troubles to be able to take the duties of their kid and carry through his basic demands of love and fondness. ( Bee, 2000 ) . However as Steven Pinker argued, the parents attack and attitude towards everything in life will find kids s behavior ( Pinker,2004 ) . Parents behavior and personality towards their kids alterations as new experiences set in. A kid needs his parents blessing, fondness, physical touch, support and attention. The kid needs to cognize that love and aid are a measure off. Taking involvement in a kid s mundane life is of utmost importance. ( Maccoby,1980 ) . Harmonizing to Pettit et Al ( 1997 ) kids who are brought up in low societal environment, but are sustained by warm respectful households, are more likely to remain off from bad company and unwanted influences. G. Pettit did a comparing with other kids who live in the same underprivileged country but with a lesser sum of love. ( Pettit, Bates A ; Dodge 1997a ) . A kid learns largely by copying a parent s illustration. Equally much as he can reproduce a positive theoretical account, he will besides larn to make the negative 1s. Spanking a kid even for the most mischievious behavior, possibly will be a short term solution. However in the long term this force will turn into aggresiveness and may take the kid ( or adoloscene ) into problem who at a ulterior age show higher degree of aggression and have less popularity with their equals, lower self-pride, more emotional instability, higher rates of depression and hurt, and higher degrees of deliquency and ulterior criminalism . ( Laub A ; Sampson 1995 ) , ( Rohner et al, 1991 ) ( Strassberg et al, 1994 ) ( Turner A ; Finkelhor 1996 ) . Lack of communicating between all household members leads to a life of incongruancy, where everyone lives his ain life, separate from the remainder. Shouting at each other to turn out a point and halt hearing to what is being said will hold a negative side consequence. When the relationship between a adult male and a adult female starts to demo clefts, the kid is the first to experience the tenseness in the air. Listening and being in the center of a battle, where verbal maltreatment, disgusting linguistic communication and possibly domestic force is the order of the twenty-four hours, will go forth an impact on any kid s head. Divorce leaves a negative impact on most kids, will convey out aggressiveness and hapless school concentration. Studies show that male childs tend to endure more than misss ( Hetherington,1989 ) , ( Kline et al, 1989 ) . Domestic force attacks the weak, creates fear, shatters safety and security. It brings anxiousness, panic, self blame, confusion, low self-pr ide, incubuss and loss of slumber to anyone who is victim to this maltreatment. More than half of the school-age kids in domestic force shelters show clinical degrees of anxiousness or posttraumatic emphasis upset ( Graham-Bermann, 1994 ) . These kids without appropriate intervention and attending will be in danger of force, go forthing school early and holding problem to interrelate with others. They will be attracted to do usage of illegal substances ( Volpe, 1996 ) . Another type of force that we witness on day-to-day footing in our places is through media. Harmonizing to the Maltese Jurisdiction under Article 208 of the Criminal Code, exposing a kid to pornographic or obscene images, being exposures, movies or electronic images to a kid who is non 9 old ages of age, will be penalised for a term between seven months to one twelvemonth with or without lone parturiency ( Interpol Malta, 2010 ) . Daily intelligence show the devastation of war, self-destructive onslaughts and all sort of offenses. Very few times, we listen to some light amusing intelligence. It seems that light amusing intelligence are no intelligence at all, and that people merely want to listen merely about the negative side of life. Does it do anyone better knowing that someplace in the universe, person is traveling through snake pit? Do we experience better cognizing that our life is more comfy and less helter-skelter? Most sketch programmes ( which should be aimed to entertain and educate our kids ) are full of contending, green-eyed monster, fire, guns, detonations and other force that should be abolished from this sort of programmes. Most tv series with the highest sum of audience, are based on offense white neckband offense, low category force, slayings, mobsters, Mafia, consecutive slayers, tribunal instances A ; prisons. It seems that people are attracted towards force. The fact that there are so many series on offense, is a affair of demand V supply. Another medium that induces force is internet. From erotica, suicide methods, pedophile stuff to terrorist manuals. Chat suites ( when 1 does non cognize the existent individuality of his chew the fating equal ) might turn out as a awful surprise. Most game console rubrics are violent and inflict aggression which may trip deviant behavior in existent life off from the game itself. Confusion between the practical and existent universe. Bandura warned that children and grownups get attitudes, emotional responses, and new manners of behavior through filmed and televised mold ( Bandura, 1977 ) . Another research worker George Gerbner has dedicated portion of his surveies on fright generated when watching force on telecasting. ( Baran, 2001 ) . In the Social Learning Theory of Albert Bandura ( Bandura, 1977 ) there are four constituents which are: attending acquisition by imitation ( copying person s behavior and action ) keeping After imitation, behavior will be stored in long term memory so it could be retrieved motor reproduction one time the behavior is learnt, it can be replicated through physical ability motive / support when one extra an action for a wages. On this theory we can reason that kids are led by illustration, as they absorb and imitate any behavior that attract their attending. They are non merely enticed due to wonder, but they need to retroflex and demo that they can make it every bit good, particularly if there is a wages as an accomplishment. Adults who were antecedently sexually abused, and now they are executing the same act, to a kid are victims themselves. The kid will go through from an emotional rollercoaster. He wants to be loyal, nice and stay the maltreater ( if the maltreater is a household member ) . The kid may experience shame if he is old plenty to cognize that certain things should non be done. The kid may happen it difficult to associate to a parent or gaurdian for the fright of non being believed. This will convey on anger, misgiving, foul feelings, deformed position of sex and a healthy loving relationship. And worst of all is the fact that the individual who is mistreating, ( most likely is a household member, relation acquitance or pedagogue ) is being trusted with a cherished kid. ( AACAP, 2008 ) . Children who are being abused might be in phases 1 and 3 of Kolbher s Moral Development Theory. In phase 1 Obedience and Punishment which lies under degree 1 Pre-conventional Morality a kid ( or grownup ) is expected to obey the regulations in order non to acquire punished . The bash as I say or discipline will take over method. In phase 3 Common interpersonal outlooks, relationships and interpersonal conformance which lies under degree 2 Conventional Morality an obedient kid ( or grownup ) is seeking to populate up to others outlooks, to be judged justly and be accepted in society ( Kohlberg, 1963 ) . In households where there is a fiscal constrain, possibly one or both parents are unemployed or with occupation instabilty, kids are more likely to be neglected. If the parents had already lived with a male parent who used to register for work, without success and populating on societal benefits, they will happen themselves accommodating good in this state of affairs. Possibly they were nt given adequate support to go to school and their educational background will assist really small to get a secure occupation. Neglecting the kid and expose him to a scenario where instruction is non at the top of the list is like giving him a one manner ticket to deliquency. Parents deficiency of motive, without any touchable planning, thoughts and dreams is like killing a kid s hope that there is a better life than the 1 he is in. When a kid is neglected and deprieved from attending and fondness, he will endeavor to happen the missing emotional fond regard elsewhere. This is may take him to happen unequal friends, and together may act in irregular ways. R. Kempe and Kempe ( 1978 ) reported that some abused kids were compliant and accepting of whatever happened to them, while others were aggressive, overactive and missing in trust and societal accomplishments . ( Faber A ; Egeland, 1987 ) . Child neglect-a really common type of child abuse-is a form of neglecting to supply for a kid s basic demands, whether it be equal nutrient, vesture, hygiene, or supervising . ( Saisan Smith A ; Segal, 2009 ) Another type of disregard is where there is chronic unwellness and /or mental upsets in the household. This sort of disregard may non come on intent but because of state of affairss that no 1 had the power to command. Mental unwellness or other hapless wellness jobs, may take parents to set the precedence of a kid s existance aside. It s really true that when illness struck, particularly to a female parent who used to beguile most household errands, things that were of import, lose their significance. On the other manus, when the male parent is ill, employment may be jeopardized or lost. This will go on to set emphasis on the whole state of affairs. Parents who suffer from anxiousness, depression, obsessional compulsive upset etc, may set an increased hazard of go throughing these anxiousnesss on their kids, which may go a barbarous rhythm. An inconsistent, unpredictable household environment besides contributes to psychiatric unwellness in kids. Mental unwellness of a parent can se t emphasis on the matrimony and impact the parenting abilities of the twosome, which in bend can harm the kid .A ( AACAP, 2008 ) An of import factor in a kid s upbringing is the environment and cultural milieus. It starts from place, and all the topographic points that form portion of any kid s life, like school, church and any other interaction groups such as spiritual and cultural ( Girl Guides / Boys Scounts ) . The societal facets of these topographic points help kids to incorporate and organize portion of society. It is healthy for their physical being ( running in the pace will assist them to wind off ) , psychological well being ( experiencing portion of a community ) and the societal facet as they will portion with friends. The kid must be exposed to the religious side of our being. When a household gathers together to portion a supplication before repasts, it unifies the sense of belonging. These little communities have a large impact on the kid s being. He might happen common involvement and motive in these groups, like trades doing, praying, pulling, treatments and excursions. He will besides disput e his bounds, to demo that he can do it. On the other manus when his purpose mark is higher than from what he can really accomplish, his self-efficacy will decrease ( Bandura,1997 ) . These facets all lead to a holistic instruction like sharing, sense of togetherness and esthesia. However, the kid may come from a household where outside societal interaction is non-existant. He may happen resistance and ill will behavior from the the parents towards these extracurricular activities and the kid will be discouraged to go to. He will non be exposed to different interactions, and is likely to be diffident, anti-social and introvert. In peculiar, the security of the kid s fond regard, and the quality of the kid s relationships with others outside of the household, seem to be strongly affected by the specific quality of interactions within the household . ( Bee, 2000 ) . In this decision, harmonizing to Steven Pinker, it would be truly stupid to presume that genetic sciences on their ain drama the chief and lone function in one kid s behavior. The effects of cistrons differ harmonizing to the environment they are exposed to. Some biological traits become more apparent in a peculiar environment. A kid with ADHD will go more prone to delinquency and to interrupt the jurisprudence, if he is populating in a vicinity where he is exposed to hooliganism, force, drugs and intoxicant ( Pinker, Autumn, 2004 ) . On the other manus, possibly the same kid would act otherwise if he has the chance for instruction, near knitted household and a better surrounding. Having a familial sensitivity for condemnable behavior does non find the actions of an single, but if they are exposed to the right environment, so their opportunities are greater for prosecuting in condemnable or anti-social behaviour . ( Jones, 2005 ) . Besides another of import factor that we should no n overlook is the socialisation facet that J. R. Harris has concluded. This facet shows the value of equals and peer force per unit area. Although households struggle to organize good their kids s public presentation, the kid himself chooses his friends and do an attempt to be acknowledged and experience of import as portion of the group. So holding the right household upbringing and good background are non plenty if the kid s friends are non the ideal clump who can take him to offense. ( Harris, 2004 ) References A ; Bibliography AACAP. ( 2008, May ) . Facts for Families Child Sexual Abuse. Retrieved 10 23, 2010, from American Academy of Child A ; Adolescent Psychiatry: hypertext transfer protocol: //aacap.org/page.ww? name=Child+Sexual+Abuse A ; section=Facts+for+Families AACAP. ( 2008, December ) . Facts for Families Child Of Parents With Mental Illness. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from American Academy of Child A ; Adoloscent Psychiatry: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/children_of_parents_with_mental_illness About.com. ( 2010 ) . Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Retrieved 10 23, 2010, from About.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //alcoholism.about.com/od/fas/a/fas_conditions.htm Bandura A. ( 1997 ) . Self-efficacy. The exercising of control. New York. Freeman. In H. Bee, The Developing Child. Allyn A ; Bacon. Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Social Learning Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff. Baran, S. J. ( 2001 ) . In S. J. Baran, Introduction to mass communicating: media literacy and civilization ( p. 368 ) . Mayfield Pub. Baumrind D. ( ( 1967 ) ) . Child-care patterns predating three forms of preschool behaviour. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from About.com ( psychological science ) : hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm Baumrind D. ( 1991 ) . The influence of rearing manner on adolescent competency and substance usage. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11 ( 1 ) , 56-95. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from Aboout.com ( psychological science ) : hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm Bee H. ( 2000 ) . The Developing Child 9th Edition pg 57. Allyn A ; Bacon. Bee H. ( 2000 ) . The Developing Child 9th Edition pg 487. Allyn A ; Bacon. Bee H. ( 2000 ) . The Developing Child 9th Edition pg 386. Allyn A ; Bacon. Caitlin M. Jones. ( 2005, February ) . Familial and Environmental Influences on Criminal Behavior Rochester Institute of Technology. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from www.personalityresearch.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.personalityresearch.org/papers/jones.html Faber A ; Egeland. ( 1987 ) . Invulnerablility among abused and ignored kids. Resilience in Children at Risk. In B. J. Elwyn James Anthony, The Invulnerable Child ( p. 254 ) . Guilford Press. Feldmen, R. ( 2000 ) . Necessities of Understanding Psychology ( 4th ed. ) . Retrieved October 25, 2010, from www.A1Informationblog.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.madalcapital.com/nature-versus-nurture Graham-Bermann. ( 1994 ) . IV. Possible Signs and Symptoms of Domestic Violence in Children and Adolescents. Retrieved 10 23, 2010, from American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aaets.org/article8.htm Hetherington E.M. ( 1989 ) . Coping with household passages: Winners, also-rans, and subsisters. Child Development 60. . In B. H, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 18 ) . Allyn A ; Bacon. Judith Rich Harris The Nurture Assumption. ( Fall, 2004 ) . Daedalus -Daedalus Why Nature A ; Nurture Wo nt Travel Away by Steven Pinker. Vol. 133, No. 4, On Human Nature, Published by: The MIT Press on behalf of American Academy of Arts A ; Sciences, pp. 5-17 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ejournals.um.edu.mt/stable/20027940. Kline et Al. ( 1989 ) . Children s accommodation in joint and exclusive physical detention households. Developmental psychological science 25. In B. H, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 18 ) . Allyn A ; Bacon. Kohlberg L. ( 1976 ) . Moral Stages and Moralization. The Cognitive-develpmental attack. In T. Lickona ( ED ) Moral Development and Behaviour Theeory, research, and societal Issues ( pp 31-53 ) NY Holt. . In H. Bee, The Child Development 9th Edition ( p. 362 ) . Allyn A ; Bacon. Laub J.H. A ; Sampson R.J. ( 1995 ) . The long term consequence of punitory subject. In J. McCord ( Ed ) Coercion and penalty in long term position. In H. Bee, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 383 ) . Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Maccoby E. E. A ; Martin J. A. ( 1983 ) . . Socialization in the context of the household: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen A ; E. M. Hetherington, Handbook of child psychological science: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and societal development ( 4th ed. ) . New York. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from About.com ( psychological science ) : hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm Maccoby E.E. ( 1980 ) . Social development ; Psychological growing and the parent-child relationship. In H. Bee, The Developing Child ( p. 380 ) . New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Maccoby E.E. ( 1992 ) . The function of parents in the socialisation of kids: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017. Retrieved October 24, 2010, from About.com ( psychological science ) : hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm Ormrod, J. E. ( 2004 ) . Human Learning Fouth Edition. New Jersey: Pearson Education Inc. Pettit G.S. Bates J.E. A ; Dodge K. A. ( 1997a ) . Supportive parenting, ecological context, and kids s accommodation ; A seven-year longitudinal survey. In H. Bee, The Developing Child ( p. 380 ) . Pinker, S. ( Autumn, 2004, ) . Daedalus Why Nature A ; Nurture Wo nt Travel Away. Pinker Vol. 133, No. 4, On Human Nature Published by: The MIT Press obo American Academy of Arts A ; Sciences, pp. 5-17 / hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org.ejournals.um.edu.mt/stable/20027940. Rohner R. P. et Al. ( 1991 ) . Effectss of bodily penalty, perceived caretaker heat and cultural beliefs on the psychological accommodations of kids in St. Kitts West Indies. Journal of Marrige and the household. In H. Bee, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 383 ) . Saisan Smith A ; Segal. ( 2009, December ) . Child Abuse and Neglect Recognising and forestalling kid maltreatment. Retrieved 10 24, 2010, from helpguide.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //helpguide.org/mental/child_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect.htm Spelke E. ( 1991 ) . Physical Knowledge in babyhood Ref. on Piaget s theory pg 133-169 The Epigenesis of head. . In H. Bee, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 5 ) . Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum. Strassberg Z. et Al. ( 1994 ) . Spanking in the place and kids s subsequent aggression towards kindergarten equals. Development and Psychopathology. In H. Bee, Te Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 383 ) . Stratton et Al. ( 1996 ) . Fetal intoxicant Syndrome Diagnosis, epidemiology, bar A ; intervention. In H. Bee, The Developing Child ( p. 57 ) . Washington DC: National Academy Press. Turner H. A. A ; Finkelhor D. ( 1996 ) . Bodily penalty as a stressor among young person. Journal of Marriage and the Family. . In H. Bee, The Developing Child 9th Edition ( p. 383 ) . Volpe, J. S. ( 1996 ) . Effectss of Domestic Violence on Children and Adolescents: An Overview. Retrieved 10 23, 2010, from American Academy of Experts in Traumatic Stress: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aaets.org/article8.htm

Switch Statement in Ruby

How to Use the Case/Switch Statement in Ruby In most computer languages, the case or conditional (also known as  switch) statement compares the value of a variable with that of several constants or literals and executes the first path with a matching case. In Ruby, its a bit more flexible (and powerful). Instead of a simple equality test being performed, the case equality operator is used, opening the door to many new uses. There are some differences from other languages though. In C, a switch statement is a kind of replacement for a series of if and goto statements. The cases are technically labels, and the switch statement will go to the matching label. This exhibits a behavior called fallthrough, as the execution doesnt stop when it reaches another label. This is usually avoided using a break statement, but fallthrough is sometimes intentional. The case statement in Ruby, on the other hand, can be seen as a shorthand for a series of if statements. There is no fallthrough, only the first matching case will be executed. The Basic Form of a Case Statement The basic form of a case statement is as follows. As you can see, this is structured something like an if/else if/else conditional statement. The name (which well call the value), in this case inputted from the keyboard, is compared to each of the cases from the when clauses (i.e.  cases), and the first when block with a matching case will be executed. If none of them match, the else block will be executed. Whats interesting here is how the value is compared to each of the cases. As mentioned above, in C, and other C-like languages, a simple value comparison is used. In Ruby, the case equality operator is used. Remember that the type of the left-hand side of a case equality operator is important, and the cases are always the left-hand side. So, for each when clause, Ruby will evaluate case value until it finds a match. If we were to input Bob, Ruby would first evaluate Alice Bob, which would be false since String# is defined as the comparison of the strings. Next, /[qrz]./i Bob would be executed, which is false since Bob doesnt begin with Q, R or Z. Since none of the cases matched, Ruby will then execute the else clause. How the Type Comes Into Play A common use of the case statement is to determine the type of value and do something different depending on its type. Though this breaks Rubys customary duck typing, its sometimes necessary to get things done. This works by using the Class# (technically, the Module#) operator, which tests if the right-hand side is_a? left-hand side. The syntax is simple and elegant: Another Possible Form If the value is omitted, the case statement works a bit differently: it works almost exactly like an if/else if/else statement. The advantages of using the case statement over an ​if statement, in this case, are merely cosmetic. A More Compact Syntax There are times when there are a large number of small when clauses. Such a case statement easily grows too large to fit on the screen. When this is the case (no pun intended), you can use the then keyword to put the body of the when clause on the same line. While this makes for some very dense code, as long as each when clause is very similar, it actually becomes more readable. When you should use single-line and multi-line when clauses are up to you, its a matter of style. However, mixing the two is not recommended - a case statement should follow a pattern to be as readable as possible. Case Assignment Like if statements, case statements evaluate to the last statement in the when clause. In other words, they can be used in assignments to provide a kind of table. However, dont forget that case statements are much more powerful than simple array or hash lookups. Such a table doesnt necessarily need to use literals in the when clauses. If there is no matching when clause and no else clause, then the case statement will evaluate to nil.

Bioethical Research on Stem Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bioethical Research on Stem Cells - Essay Example Bioethics is a study that deals with all the ethical questions raised due to biological and medical researches and advancements and attempts to answer those questions and satisfy the masses. It also deals with the effect of these biological and medical advancements on the correlation of these fields with other social aspects of life like religion, politics and other social sciences. It talks about the responsibility of the government, the religious leaders, the sociologists and other social figures in regulating and taking notice of any controversial and/or disputed biological or medical issue prevailing in the society. It strives to provide proper arguments and debates to satisfy the concerned and to provide evidence for the importance of the said issue as well as to prove the relevance and unavoidability of the process to make sure that the end result and the eventual achievement is worth the sacrifice.1 Bioethics not only deals with issues related to humans, human rights and research on human issues but also emphasizes on the importance of animal rights and issues related to these non-human species. The examples of the issues related to animals are many, the prime issue being animal testing. This basically concerns the correlation of Bioethics with the animal rights foundations etc and emphasizes on the fact that animals are living beings that cannot be used just like a thing to be tested upon. The bioethical argument to that, however, would be that these tests on animals are conducted to make sure that the complex medicines, remedies and surgical procedures for solving critical health problems related to humans are working efficiently and cause no harm to human life.2 The issues that Bioethics deals with range very widely. It deals with the relationship and effects of biological, especially medical researches with the social issues prevailing in the society, however, these issues can range from being totally based on social grounds like the issue of suicide to being based on complex medicinal grounds like genetics and their effects and influences on the society and people living in it. Having said this, let's observe how vast the bioethical issues can be. Some of the common issues that Bioethics deals with would be: Suicide Infertility Genetic Modification and Gene therapy Cloning (Human and Animal) Abortion Euthanasia (Human as well as Animal) Animal Rights Human Testing Animal Testing Stem cell Research Parthenogenesis Genetic Engineering, etc Recently, the research on stem cells is being questioned on the bioethical grounds quite a lot. First, let's look at what stem cells are and what their function actually is. Stem cells are those cells that have the ability to renew or rejuvenate themselves through mitotic divisions and can transform into differentiated specialized cells of a large variety, however, the extent to which a stem cell can differentiate into a more specialized form varies greatly from one stem cell to another. These stem cells are found in almost all multicellular organisms (organisms having many cells and differentiated cell types for different bodily functions), however, when talking about

E-business in UAE Challenges and Opportunities Research Paper

E-business in UAE Challenges and Opportunities - Research Paper Example This score measures the availability of online services and products in the country’s e-market. In addition, the score of effectiveness measures the level of transaction process that can be completed through the internet. An effective system will enable consumers complete the whole transaction process through the internet. This paper will therefore access the UAE e-commerce through its growth, opportunities, barriers, and the effectiveness of UAE cyber laws. Although UAE’s e-commerce has experienced considerable growth, there have been barriers of effective trading and expansions. These barriers can broadly be categorized as technical, societal, legal & ethical, organizational, cultural or perceptual barriers (Bade 106). Each of these barriers has an effect on the UAE e-commerce. UAE is an Islamic country that has strong value for religion and societal laws. The fear of exposure to western culture is the main cause of restriction on internet usage among the UAE citizens . This has greatly affected the growth of e-commerce since it depends on the internet. Organizational barriers relate to the ability of employees to handle e-commerce through the internet. The UAE culture and value of Islamic religion, makes UAE employees to develop a negative attitude towards exposure to the internet. Internet abuse among employees is also a factor that has restricted growth of e-commerce in UAE. Technical barriers have also contributed enormously to the slow growth of e-commerce in UAE. Although major towns have excellent infrastructures such as high bandwidth and secure high-speed internet, other areas lack such infrastructures. This has halted expansion of e-commerce beyond major cities such as Dubai. Similarly, the UAE has no practical legal regulations that ensure web users the security of sensitive information. This has also contributed to the slow growth of e-commerce in UAE. Despite the availability of constraints and barriers that prevent effective trade, the UAE has many unutilized potentials that can be exploited through effective application of e-commerce. Application of e-business can greatly influence how traders and customers interact with each other through the online services (Reilly 78). The real estate sector can be a major business potential for an investor of e-business. Due to the growing number of investments, the real estate industry is growing constantly. However, there is lack of connection between property developers and buyers or tenants. The e-business can greatly improve the mode of doing business in the real estate sector. E-business will enable tenants or buyers to make payments or purchase products more easily. Other than the real estate sector, the travel industry has many unexploited opportunities that can be exploited through e-commerce. Automated payment systems and booking of tours and transportation is a significant opportunity for e-commerce. The tourism sector will become a major beneficiary of e-comme rce through automated travel packages and bookings. Due to the increasing popularity of Dubai as a tourist destination, the transport sector is a major opportunity for e-business in UAE. The favourable internal and external business environment in UAE has facilitated availability of e-business opportunities. Availability of supportive infrastructures is the main factor that has contributed to the

All quite on Western front-Enrich Maria Remarque Essay Example for Free

All quite on Western front-Enrich Maria Remarque Essay Remarque, being a veteran German of the World War 1, could depict the physical and psychological duress, the government soldiers had to tolerate. He narrates the mental tug of war the soldiers had to bear on being detached from civic life comprising of family and friends. This mental war was allying with the field fight. Remarque in his book does not articulate heroism, but he gives a vivid description of the mental agitation the soldier goes through . having once sailed in the same ship, Remarque could feel the monotony and constant fight for life. This story relates to the kind of trauma and loneliness, the foot soldiers went through. The war had snatched their peace of mind there by causing a situation of alert all the while around them. There was an air of struggle flowing throughout, struggle for piece, struggle for victory, struggle for food and struggle for existence. Remarque remarks, the life of soldiers are always at a jolt and yet they appear old and dead being thoroughly, emotionally drained. The soldiers are here merely escaping from their own self. At this jovial age, the world of love that they had once created is brutally shattered to pieces by their own hands. The author depicts a poignant description by narrating the awe and feeling of being abandoned makes the mental state of the foot soldiers all the more morose. The protagonist of the story, Paul Baumer who was moved by his mentor, joined the German army and entangled himself into an unsigned bond of serving the country at the price of leaving behind the personal life which had just started showing the colors of youth brimming with high spirits. He had also left behind his ailing mother. But now avenues of repentance are lost. Many others like Paul had been a false prey to the futile war. This amusing anecdote throws light on the life in the trenches of the German camp. The outcome of the war brought nothing but destruction, death and needless waste of mankind. The youth directly, though bravely, encountered brutality, soiled dead bodies and evident death which might be their awaiting future. The story highlights the psychological insight resulting out of the pathetic incidences in the trenches. Though being part of the war, the protagonist and his co-mates realized the futility of the war which had brought with it a needless waste of human life in form of mass death. The trenches had a miserable and pitiable sight. The priceless human life turned valueless. Even a stone heart would surely melt at such a terrible death game. The very sight traumatizes people, but the soldiers were facing them boldly. Though trained to be tough, the soldiers break down at the loss and sufferings of the fellow beings. The cooks of the army cooks for hundred soldiers but ends up in serving eighty of them. They often show their frustration by declaring not to serve unless all hundred are present. But they realize the fact that this figure would always be a diminishing trend and complains fatality to none other than fate. The author depicts the character of Tjadesa as a carefree, apathetic person grinning over the cook’s reaction. Though it seemed that there were no trace of repercussions on Tjadesa, but it was his unnatural behavior which depicted his concern and fear. He showed joyous expressions despite the losing his comates for ever, this were out of gratitude of still being alive. Though tjedas’s behavior seemed weird, but his discrete way of accepting the inevitable losses. The ideas ejaculating out of the soldiers mind were often weird, like they felt the war should have been fought by the leaders within a ring rather than such merciless slaughtering and cruel blood shed. The futility of war has given rise to restraint traits of human like selfishness, jealousy, envy, violence and being opportunist. Eventually the brutal results of the war some how dries up the sense of morality, dignity, empathy and many such emotions in the soldiers and life becomes like an unfertile land yielding nothing grow more unfertile for days to come. Similarly wars too yield nothing but destruction, emptiness and ruined humanity. The war may end in victory but the society is held back by the rudderless youth detached from social and moral life and lives with frustrations of shattered dreams. The rumbustious youth turns into old folk. The author relates the feelings of Paula’s, â€Å"Youth! We are none of us more than twenty years old. But young? Youth? That is long ago. We are old folk. † BIBLIOGRAPHY: Erich Maria Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front. Wikipedia- All Quiet on the Western Front. www. docshare. com.

florida :: essays research papers

Lodging inside the Walt Disney World complex, Celebration City (owned by Disney) and Lake Buena Vista (which is a small resort community right next to Disney World) The Disney World complex and Lake Buena Vista are located along Interstate 4 (I-4) about 25 miles west of Orlando International Airport and about 20 miles southwest of downtown Orlando, Florida. Lodging near the Convention Center and Sea World This is the larger of two convention centers in Orlando. Both the convention center and Sea World are located along International Drive. Sea World is about halfway between downtown Orlando and Disney World, and about 12 miles west of Orlando International Airport. The Walt Disney Dolphin is a deluxe hotel, located between Disney MGM Studios and Epcot area. Inspired by world famous surroundings, this resort is unlike anything you've ever seen. A 5-story dolphin statue rests atop the building, colorful patterns of waves and banana leaves splash the facade, magnificent palms sway along the lakeside walkways- it's a view that only your imagination can top. At this Whimsical resort, guests will enjoy the magic inside, as you experience the entertainment architecture outside, where guests are surrounded by the magic of Walt Disney World. The hotel features 17 restaurants and lounges, for your ultimate dining pleasure. For the guests' entertainment there are 4 lighted tennis courts, 4 swimming pools, watercraft rentals, jogging trails, two health clubs, massage services, volleyball, 3 acre grotto pool and beach, supervised children's activities, saunas, whirlpools, 36 holes of miniature golf and aerobics. The multi-lingual staff is friendly and well trained, catering to your every need. florida :: essays research papers Lodging inside the Walt Disney World complex, Celebration City (owned by Disney) and Lake Buena Vista (which is a small resort community right next to Disney World) The Disney World complex and Lake Buena Vista are located along Interstate 4 (I-4) about 25 miles west of Orlando International Airport and about 20 miles southwest of downtown Orlando, Florida. Lodging near the Convention Center and Sea World This is the larger of two convention centers in Orlando. Both the convention center and Sea World are located along International Drive. Sea World is about halfway between downtown Orlando and Disney World, and about 12 miles west of Orlando International Airport. The Walt Disney Dolphin is a deluxe hotel, located between Disney MGM Studios and Epcot area. Inspired by world famous surroundings, this resort is unlike anything you've ever seen. A 5-story dolphin statue rests atop the building, colorful patterns of waves and banana leaves splash the facade, magnificent palms sway along the lakeside walkways- it's a view that only your imagination can top. At this Whimsical resort, guests will enjoy the magic inside, as you experience the entertainment architecture outside, where guests are surrounded by the magic of Walt Disney World. The hotel features 17 restaurants and lounges, for your ultimate dining pleasure. For the guests' entertainment there are 4 lighted tennis courts, 4 swimming pools, watercraft rentals, jogging trails, two health clubs, massage services, volleyball, 3 acre grotto pool and beach, supervised children's activities, saunas, whirlpools, 36 holes of miniature golf and aerobics. The multi-lingual staff is friendly and well trained, catering to your every need.

Data Types and Why We Care | Written Assignment |

Data Types and Why We Care| Written Assignment| | | | Kayla| 1/30/2013| | Kayla Coleman Wednesday, January 30, 2013 Principles of Testing and Measurements Data Types and Why We Care There are a million different types of data in the world. Some types we have learned through years of education and others have yet to be discovered. One question about data types that is asked frequently is â€Å"Why do we care? † Though there is no text book answer; I believe we care because without these various types of data we will not be able to answer even the simplest of questions.When I think of the definition a simple question I think of a question that can be answered in a few words. A simple question that I would like answered is â€Å"What Is Your Favorite Color? † I have picked this question because it is simple to answer and understand. My method of measurement for this question would be by ranking. For example blue would be ranked the highest because most students liked blue. I have picked basic rating because it is the best way to find the answer that I need without added confusing when it comes to understanding the results.There are many different levels of measurement. All levels have different ways numbers can be used. One level is the nominal level. At this level Numbers can be used for tags or labels like Barcodes and social security numbers. When using nominal variables measurement means is classified as classifying cases in groups. These groups â€Å"must cover all cases† and can not belong to several groups (â€Å"Levels of measurement,†). Ordinal Level is another level of measure. With this kind of measure Numbers are mostly used to order just like in popularity.You have the jerks, the cheerleaders and the Nerds but we all know what order there is. The groups for ordinal variables are ordered but the distance between two adjacent categories may vary. Interval or Ratio Level is the third level of measurement. With Interval or Rati o Levels numbers are used to express quantities like the amount of money you pay for shoes in this case numbers are not just all-inclusive, mutually exclusive or ordered (â€Å"Levels of measurement,†). There are a lot more ways of measuring then we acknowledge like central tendency.Central tendency tells us where the middle of a bunch of data lies. The most common measures of central tendency are the mean, median, and mode. The Mean is the sum of the numbers divided by the number of numbers in a set of data. The Median is the number in the middle or the mean of two numbers in the middle when arranged in ascending or descending order. The mode is the most frequent number in the set (Saccuzzo & Kaplan, 2010). Stand deviation and the Z score are two more types of measure that can be used.The Standard Deviation measures the spread out of numbers. A measure of the more spread apart the higher the deviation. Standard deviation can be calculated  as the root of variance, which is the average of from the Mean. The Z score explains if a score is equal to, below or above the mean of a group of scores. Basically, it compares scores. The normal Z score is between -2 and +2. Anything other than this are considered â€Å"less typical† of scores (Saccuzzo & Kaplan, 2010). Survey research is one way of measurement.Survey research is great when answering of respondents. It can be a paper-and-pencil form or a one-on-one in-depth interview. Scaling is another way of measurement; it deals with the construction of an instrument that relates to qualitative and quantitative metric units. The purpose of qualitative research is to gain more exposure to an area (Trochim, 2006). Qualitative research is good for obtaining very detailed information that allows you to examine the area of interest in great detail.However too much detail does make it difficult to determine what the generalized theme is. An indirect measure is an unobtrusive measure that allows researchers to collect data without doing a formal procedure (Trochim, 2006). I believe that a questionnaire would give me the most valid answers to this question. Overall, the large amount of data and measures of data is very overwhelming if you do not know what to look for especially if two methods measure the same thing.However that is a large amount of information out there that can help us clear up the confusing methods of measures this way we can have a valid more efficient research outcome. Reference Levels of measurement. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://weber. ucsd. edu/~aronatas/levmeas. html Saccuzzo, D. , & Kaplan, R. (2010). Psychological testing: Principles, applications, and issues. New York, NY: Trochim, W. (2006, October 20). Research methods – knowledge based. Retrieved from http://www. socialresearchmethods. net/kb/unobtrus. php

Rate of Violence Essay

Describe the rates of violence (murder, aggravated assault, rape, robbery) in the United States, and compare them to at least 2 other industrialized countries. When it comes to †Homicides/murder† and †Rape† there still is a difference when you compare Sweden and Albania. â€Å"Homicides/murder† happened most infrequent in Finland and England, but about six times as often in Sweden compared with that. â€Å"Theft totally† was about twice as frequent in Sweden, when you compare to the other Nordic countries, and also more frequently than in England. Narco-criminality in Norway is about three times as frequent, when you compare with the other Nordic countries. The long coastline play an important role. Here is no available registrations for USA. Robberies during the period were down 10. 7%, motor vehicle thefts and arson declined 9. 7%, rapes were down 6. 2%, aggravated assaults were down 3. 9%, and burglaries dropped 1. 4%. The FBI report does not give reasons for the drop in crime, but criminologists have recently indicated an aging population, along with ramped-up law enforcement, have contributed to the decline in recent years. The trend has surprised experts who have historically seen crime increase during difficult economic periods Discuss some of the difficulties of comparing crime rates across countries. Different definitions for specific crime types in different countries: The category in which any incident of victimization is recorded relies on the legal definition of crime in any country. Should that definition be different, and indeed this is often the case, comparisons will not in fact be made of exactly the same crime type. This is particularly the case in crimes that require some discretion from a police officer or relevant authority when they are identified. For example, the definitional difference between serious or common assault in different legal jurisdictions may be different, and this will be reflected in the total number of incidents recorded. Different levels of reporting and traditions of policing: Different societies across the globe have been shown to have different levels of reporting of criminal incidents. This relates closely to levels of development in any society, most clearly reflected in accessibility to the police. Thus factors such as the number of police stations or telephones in any society impact upon reporting levels. The level of insurance coverage in any community is also a key indicator of the likelihood of citizens approaching the police as their claim for compensation may require such notification. In addition, in societies where the police are or have been mistrusted by the population, most specifically during periods of authoritarian rule, reporting levels are likely to be lower than in cases where the police are regarded as important members of the community. Different social, economic and political contexts: Comparing crime data from societies that are fundamentally different may ignore key issues present in the society that impact upon levels of reporting. For example, different social norms in some societies may make it almost impossible for women to report cases of rape or sexual abuse, while in others, women are encouraged to come forward.

Caroline Herschel (Astronomer and Mathematician)

Caroline Herschel (Astronomer and Mathematician) Dates: March 16, 1750 - January 9, 1848 Known for: first woman to discover a comet; helping discover the planet UranusOccupation: Mathematician, astronomerAlso known as: Caroline Lucretia Herschel Background, Family: Father: Isaac Herschel, court musician and amateur astronomerSiblings included: William Herschel, musician and astronomer Education: educated at home in Germany; studied music in England; taught mathematics and astronomy by her brother, William About Caroline Herschel: Born in Hanover, Germany, Caroline Herschel gave up on getting married after a bout with typhus left her growth stunted seriously. She was well-educated beyond traditional womens work, and trained as a singer, but she choose to move to England to join her brother, William Herschel, then an orchestra leader with a hobby in astronomy. In England Caroline Herschel began assisting William with his astronomical work, while she trained to become a professional singer, and began to appear as a soloist. She also learned mathematics from William, and began helping him with his astronomy work, including grinding and polishing mirrors, and copying his records. Her brother William discovered the planet Uranus, and credited Caroline for her help in this discovery. After this discovery, King George III appointed William as court astronomer, with a paid stipend. Caroline Herschel abandoned her singing career for astronomy. She helped her brother with calculations and paperwork, and also made her own observations. Caroline Herschel discovered new nebulae in 1783: Andromeda and Cetus and later that year, 14 more nebulae. With a new telescope, a gift from her brother, she then discovered a comet, making her the first woman known to have done so. She went on to discover seven more comets. King George III heard of her discoveries and added a stipend of 50 pounds annually, paid to Caroline. She thus became the first woman in England with a paid government appointment. William married in 1788, and though Caroline at first was skeptical of having a place in the new home, she and her sister-in-law became friends, and Caroline had more time for astronomy with another woman in the house to do the domestic chores. She later published her own work cataloguing stars and nebulae. She indexed and organized a catalogue by John Flamsteed, and she worked with John Herschel, Williams son, to publish a catalog of nebulae. After Willliams death in 1822, Caroline had to return to Germany, where she continued writing. She was recognized for her contributions by the King of Prussia when she was 96, and Caroline Herschel died at 97. Caroline Herschel was, along with Mary Somerville, appointed to honorary membership in the Royal Society in 1835, the first women to be so honored. Places: Germany, England Organizations: Royal Society

In Search of Room-Temperature Superconductors

In Search of Room-Temperature Superconductors Imagine a world in which magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are commonplace, computers are lightning-fast, power cables have little loss, and new particle detectors exist. This is the world in which room-temperature superconductors are a reality. So far, this is a dream of the future, but scientists are closer than ever to achieving room-temperature superconductivity. What Is Room-Temperature Superconductivity? A room temperature superconductor (RTS) is a type of high-temperature superconductor (high-Tc or HTS) that operates closer to room temperature than to absolute zero. However, the operating temperature above  0  °C (273.15 K)  is still well below what most of us consider normal room temperature (20  to  25  Ã‚ °C). Below the critical temperature, the superconductor has zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields. While its an oversimplification, superconductivity may be thought of as a state of perfect electrical conductivity. High-temperature superconductors exhibit superconductivity above  30  K (−243.2  Ã‚ °C). While a traditional superconductor must be cooled with liquid helium to become superconductive, a high-temperature superconductor can be cooled using liquid nitrogen. A room-temperature superconductor, in contrast, could be cooled with ordinary water ice.   The Quest for a Room-Temperature Superconductor Bringing up the critical temperature for superconductivity to a practical temperature is a holy grail for physicists and electrical engineers. Some researchers believe room-temperature superconductivity is impossible, while others point to advances that have already surpassed previously-held beliefs. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by  Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in solid mercury cooled with liquid helium (1913 Nobel Prize in Physics). It wasnt until the 1930s that scientists proposed an explanation of how superconductivity works. In 1933, Fritz and Heinz London explained the Meissner effect, in which a superconductor expels internal magnetic fields. From Londons theory, explanations grew to include the  Ginzburg-Landau theory (1950) and microscopic BCS theory (1957, named for Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer). According to the BCS theory, it seemed superconductivity was forbidden at temperatures above 30 K. Yet, in 1986,  Bednorz and Mà ¼ller discovered the first high-temperature superconductor, a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material with a transition temperature of 35 K. The discovery earned them the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics and opened the door for new discoveries. The highest temperature superconductor to date, discovered in 2015  by Mikhail Eremets and his team, is sulfur hydride (H3S). Sulfur hydride has a transition temperature around 203 K (-70  °C), but only under extremely high pressure (around 150 gigapascals). Researchers predict the critical temperature might be raised above  0  Ã‚ °C  if the sulfur atoms are replaced by phosphorus, platinum, selenium, potassium, or tellurium  and still-higher pressure is applied. However, while scientists have proposed explanations for the behavior of the sulfur hydride system, they have been unable to replicate the electrical or magnetic behavior. Room-temperature superconducting behavior has been claimed for other materials besides sulfur hydride. The high-temperature superconductor yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) might become superconductive at 300 K using infrared laser pulses. Solid-state physicist Neil Ashcroft predicts solid metallic hydrogen should be superconducting near room temperature. The Harvard team that claimed to make metallic hydrogen reported the Meissner effect may have been observed at 250 K. Based on exciton-mediated electron pairing (not phonon-mediated pairing of BCS theory), its possible high-temperature superconductivity might be observed in organic polymers under the right conditions. The Bottom Line Numerous reports of room-temperature superconductivity appear in scientific literature, so as of 2018, the achievement seems possible. However, the effect rarely lasts long and is devilishly difficult to replicate. Another issue is that extreme pressure may be required to achieve the Meissner effect. Once a stable material is produced, the most obvious applications include the development of efficient electrical wiring and powerful electromagnets. From there, the sky is the limit, as far as electronics is concerned. A room-temperature superconductor offers the possibility of no energy loss at a practical temperature. Most of the applications of RTS have yet to be imagined. Key Points A room-temperature superconductor (RTS) is a material capable of superconductivity above a temperature of 0  °C. Its not necessarily superconductive at normal room temperature.Although many researchers claim to have observed room-temperature superconductivity, scientists have been unable to reliably replicate the results. However, high-temperature superconductors do exist, with transition temperatures between  Ã¢Ë†â€™243.2  Ã‚ °C  and  Ã¢Ë†â€™135  Ã‚ °C.Potential applications of room-temperature superconductors include faster computers, new methods of data storage, and improved energy transfer. References and Suggested Reading Bednorz, J. G.; Mà ¼ller, K. A. (1986). Possible high TC superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system. Zeitschrift fà ¼r Physik B. 64 (2): 189–193.Drozdov, A. P.; Eremets, M. I.; Troyan, I. A.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I. (2015). Conventional superconductivity at 203 kelvin at high pressures in the sulfur hydride system. Nature. 525: 73–6.Ge, Y. F.; Zhang, F.; Yao, Y. G. (2016). First-principles demonstration of superconductivity at 280 K in hydrogen sulfide with low phosphorus substitution. Phys. Rev. B. 93 (22): 224513.Khare, Neeraj (2003). Handbook of High-Temperature Superconductor Electronics. CRC Press.Mankowsky, R.; Subedi, A.; Fà ¶rst, M.; Mariager, S. O.; Chollet, M.; Lemke, H. T.; Robinson, J. S.; Glownia, J. M.; Minitti, M. P.; Frano, A.; Fechner, M.;  Spaldin, N. A.; Loew, T.; Keimer, B.; Georges, A.; Cavalleri, A. (2014). Nonlinear lattice dynamics as a basis for enhanced superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6.5.  Nature.  516  (7529): 71–73.   Mourachkine, A. (2004).  Room-Temperature Superconductivity. Cambridge International Science Publishing.